Nginx 实战教程

什么是Nginx？

Nginx（发音为 "engine-x"）是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器，也是一个IMAP/POP3/SMTP代理服务器。它以其高稳定性、丰富的功能集、示例配置文件和低系统资源消耗而闻名。

Nginx的主要特点：

高性能：使用异步事件驱动架构，处理大量并发连接
低内存消耗：相比传统Apache，内存占用更少
高稳定性：运行稳定，极少出现故障
热部署：可以在不停机的情况下升级
模块化设计：丰富的第三方模块生态
反向代理：强大的负载均衡和代理功能

1. Nginx安装与配置

1.1 Ubuntu/Debian系统安装

# 更新包列表
sudo apt update

# 安装Nginx
sudo apt install nginx

# 检查Nginx状态
sudo systemctl status nginx

# 启动Nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx

# 设置开机自启
sudo systemctl enable nginx

# 检查Nginx版本
nginx -v

1.2 CentOS/RHEL系统安装

# 安装EPEL仓库
sudo yum install epel-release

# 安装Nginx
sudo yum install nginx

# 或使用dnf (CentOS 8+)
sudo dnf install nginx

# 启动和设置开机自启
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx

1.3 Docker方式安装

# 拉取Nginx镜像
docker pull nginx:latest

# 运行Nginx容器
docker run -d \
  --name my-nginx \
  -p 80:80 \
  -p 443:443 \
  -v $(pwd)/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf \
  -v $(pwd)/html:/usr/share/nginx/html \
  nginx:latest

# 查看容器日志
docker logs my-nginx

1.4 Docker Compose方式安装

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:latest
    container_name: nginx-server
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
      - ./conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d:ro
      - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro
      - ./logs:/var/log/nginx
      - ./ssl:/etc/nginx/ssl
    networks:
      - web-network

networks:
  web-network:
    driver: bridge

2. Nginx基础配置

2.1 主配置文件结构

# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;

    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    # 包含其他配置文件
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

2.2 服务器块配置

# /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    listen [::]:80;
    
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    root /usr/share/nginx/html;
    index index.html index.htm index.php;
    
    # 字符编码
    charset utf-8;
    
    # 访问日志
    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/example.error.log;
    
    # 主要位置配置
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
    
    # 静态资源缓存
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
    
    # 错误页面
    error_page 404 /404.html;
    error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
    
    location = /50x.html {
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
    }
}

3. 反向代理配置

3.1 基本反向代理

# 反向代理到后端应用服务器
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name api.example.com;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://localhost:3000;  # Node.js应用
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        
        # 超时设置
        proxy_connect_timeout 30s;
        proxy_send_timeout 30s;
        proxy_read_timeout 30s;
        
        # 缓冲设置
        proxy_buffer_size 4k;
        proxy_buffers 8 4k;
    }
}

3.2 负载均衡配置

# 定义上游服务器组
upstream backend_app {
    # 轮询（默认）
    server 192.168.1.10:3000 weight=3;
    server 192.168.1.11:3000 weight=2;
    server 192.168.1.12:3000 weight=1;
    
    # 最少连接
    # least_conn;
    
    # IP哈希
    # ip_hash;
    
    # 响应时间加权
    # fair;  # 需要安装fair模块
    
    # 健康检查
    keepalive 32;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name app.example.com;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend_app;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }
}

3.3 高级负载均衡策略

# 使用least_conn策略
upstream backend_least_conn {
    least_conn;
    server app1.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server app2.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server app3.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
}

# 使用IP哈希策略
upstream backend_ip_hash {
    ip_hash;
    server app1.example.com:8080;
    server app2.example.com:8080;
    server app3.example.com:8080;
}

# 使用权重策略
upstream backend_weight {
    server app1.example.com:8080 weight=5;
    server app2.example.com:8080 weight=3;
    server app3.example.com:8080 weight=1;
}

4. SSL/TLS配置

4.1 Let's Encrypt SSL证书配置

# 安装Certbot
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx

# 获取SSL证书
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com

# 自动续期
sudo crontab -e
# 添加以下行
0 12 * * * /usr/bin/certbot renew --quiet

4.2 SSL配置示例

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    # 重定向HTTP到HTTPS
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    # SSL证书配置
    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
    
    # SSL安全配置
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 10m;
    
    # HSTS安全头部
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;
    add_header X-Frame-Options DENY always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options nosniff always;
    
    root /usr/share/nginx/html;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

4.3 自定义SSL配置

# 高安全性SSL配置
server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name secure.example.com;
    
    # 证书配置
    ssl_certificate /path/to/certificate.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private.key;
    ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/ca-chain.crt;
    
    # SSL协议和加密套件
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256';
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
    
    # OCSP装订
    ssl_stapling on;
    ssl_stapling_verify on;
    resolver 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 valid=300s;
    resolver_timeout 5s;
    
    # 会话管理
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
    ssl_session_tickets off;
    
    # 安全头部
    add_header X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options nosniff always;
    add_header Referrer-Policy strict-origin-when-cross-origin always;
    add_header Permissions-Policy "geolocation=(), microphone=()" always;
    
    # 内容安全策略
    add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data: https:;" always;
    
    location / {
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

5. 缓存配置

5.1 静态资源缓存

# 静态资源缓存配置
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name static.example.com;
    
    root /var/www/static;
    
    # 图片、视频、音频文件
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|webp|svg|mp4|webm|ogg|mp3|wav)$ {
        expires 1M;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
        log_not_found off;
    }
    
    # CSS、JS文件
    location ~* \.(css|js)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
    
    # 字体文件
    location ~* \.(woff|woff2|ttf|eot|otf)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
    }
    
    # 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_types
        text/plain
        text/css
        text/xml
        text/javascript
        application/javascript
        application/xml+rss
        application/json;
}

5.2 代理缓存

# 定义缓存路径
proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g 
                 inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name cached.example.com;
    
    location / {
        # 启用缓存
        proxy_cache my_cache;
        
        # 缓存键
        proxy_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri$is_args$args";
        
        # 缓存时间
        proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
        proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
        proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
        
        # 缓存绕过条件
        proxy_cache_bypass $http_cache_control;
        proxy_no_cache $http_pragma;
        
        # 传递原始头部
        proxy_pass http://backend_server;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        
        # 缓存相关头部
        add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
        add_header X-Cache-Key $upstream_cache_key;
    }
    
    # 缓存清除接口
    location ~ /purge(/.*) {
        allow 127.0.0.1;
        deny all;
        proxy_cache_purge my_cache "$scheme$request_method$host$1$is_args$args";
    }
}

6. 安全配置

6.1 基本安全配置

# 安全相关的头部设置
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name secure.example.com;
    
    # 防止点击劫持
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    
    # 防止MIME类型嗅探
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    
    # XSS防护
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    
    # 内容安全策略
    add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self' http: https: data: blob: 'unsafe-inline'" always;
    
    # Referrer策略
    add_header Referrer-Policy "no-referrer-when-downgrade" always;
    
    # Feature策略
    add_header Feature-Policy "geolocation 'none'; midi 'none'; sync-xhr 'none'; microphone 'none'; camera 'none'; magnetometer 'none'; gyroscope 'none'; speaker 'self'; vibrate 'none'; fullscreen 'self'; payment 'none'; usb 'none';" always;
    
    location / {
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
    
    # 限制请求方法
    if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$ ) {
        return 405;
    }
    
    # 隐藏Nginx版本
    server_tokens off;
}

6.2 访问控制

# IP白名单
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name admin.example.com;
    
    # 限制访问IP
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 10.0.0.0/8;
    deny all;
    
    location / {
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# 基本身份认证
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name protected.example.com;
    
    location / {
        # 启用基本认证
        auth_basic "Restricted Area";
        auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;
        
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# 限制请求频率
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name api.example.com;
    
    # 定义限制区域
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m rate=10r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=login:10m rate=1r/m;
    
    location /api/ {
        # 应用请求限制
        limit_req zone=api burst=20 nodelay;
        proxy_pass http://backend_api;
    }
    
    location /login {
        # 登录限制更严格
        limit_req zone=login burst=5 nodelay;
        proxy_pass http://auth_service;
    }
}

7. 高级配置

7.1 负载均衡高级配置

# 使用keepalive连接池
upstream backend_with_keepalive {
    server backend1.example.com:8080;
    server backend2.example.com:8080;
    server backend3.example.com:8080;
    
    # 保持连接
    keepalive 32;
    keepalive_requests 100;
    keepalive_timeout 60s;
}

# 健康检查配置
upstream backend_with_health_check {
    server backend1.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server backend2.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server backend3.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    
    # 服务权重
    server backup1.example.com:8080 backup;
    server backup2.example.com:8080 backup;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name loadbalanced.example.com;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend_with_keepalive;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Connection "";
        
        # 超时配置
        proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
        proxy_send_timeout 10s;
        proxy_read_timeout 10s;
        
        # 重试配置
        proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_502 http_503 http_504;
        proxy_next_upstream_tries 3;
        proxy_next_upstream_timeout 10s;
    }
}

7.2 WebSocket支持

# WebSocket代理配置
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name ws.example.com;
    
    location /websocket {
        proxy_pass http://websocket_backend;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        
        # WebSocket特定配置
        proxy_read_timeout 86400;
        proxy_send_timeout 86400;
        proxy_connect_timeout 86400;
    }
}

upstream websocket_backend {
    server ws1.example.com:8080;
    server ws2.example.com:8080;
}

7.3 Gzip压缩优化

# 高级Gzip配置
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name compressed.example.com;
    
    # Gzip配置
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_buffers 16 8k;
    gzip_http_version 1.1;
    
    # 压缩类型
    gzip_types
        text/plain
        text/css
        text/xml
        text/javascript
        application/javascript
        application/xml+rss
        application/json
        application/atom+xml
        application/rss+xml
        application/xhtml+xml
        application/x-javascript
        application/x-httpd-php
        application/x-font-ttf
        application/x-font-opentype
        application/vnd.ms-fontobject
        font/ttf
        font/opentype
        font/otf
        image/svg+xml;
    
    # 禁用IE6压缩
    gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.";
    
    location / {
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

8. 监控与日志

8.1 日志配置

# 详细的日志配置
http {
    # 自定义日志格式
    log_format detailed_log '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
                           '"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
                           '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
                           'rt=$request_time uct="$upstream_connect_time" '
                           'uht="$upstream_header_time" urt="$upstream_response_time"';
    
    # JSON格式日志
    log_format json_log escape=json '{'
        '"@timestamp": "$time_iso8601", '
        '"remote_addr": "$remote_addr", '
        '"remote_user": "$remote_user", '
        '"request": "$request", '
        '"status": $status, '
        '"body_bytes_sent": $body_bytes_sent, '
        '"request_time": $request_time, '
        '"http_referrer": "$http_referer", '
        '"http_user_agent": "$http_user_agent", '
        '"upstream_addr": "$upstream_addr", '
        '"upstream_status": "$upstream_status", '
        '"upstream_response_time": "$upstream_response_time"'
    '}';
    
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name example.com;
        
        access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log detailed_log;
        error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
        
        location / {
            root /usr/share/nginx/html;
            try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
        }
    }
}

8.2 监控端点

# Nginx状态监控
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name status.example.com;
    
    # Nginx状态页面
    location /nginx_status {
        stub_status on;
        access_log off;
        allow 127.0.0.1;
        allow 192.168.0.0/16;
        deny all;
    }
    
    # 限制访问
    location / {
        return 404;
    }
}

8.3 性能监控

#!/bin/bash
# nginx_monitor.sh - Nginx性能监控脚本

# 检查Nginx进程
if pgrep nginx > /dev/null; then
    echo "Nginx is running"
else
    echo "Nginx is not running"
    exit 1
fi

# 检查Nginx配置
if nginx -t; then
    echo "Nginx configuration is valid"
else
    echo "Nginx configuration has errors"
    exit 1
fi

# 获取连接数
CONNECTIONS=$(ss -tlnp | grep nginx | wc -l)
echo "Active Nginx connections: $CONNECTIONS"

# 获取请求统计
if curl -s http://localhost/nginx_status > /dev/null; then
    REQUESTS=$(curl -s http://localhost/nginx_status | awk 'NR==3{print $1}')
    echo "Total requests: $REQUESTS"
fi

# 检查错误日志
ERROR_COUNT=$(grep -c "$(date '+%Y/%m/%d')" /var/log/nginx/error.log)
echo "Errors today: $ERROR_COUNT"

9. 最佳实践

9.1 性能优化配置

# 性能优化配置
worker_processes auto;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events {
    worker_connections 4096;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
    accept_mutex off;
}

http {
    # 基本性能设置
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 30;
    keepalive_requests 100;
    
    # 连接池
    lingering_close off;
    reset_timedout_connection on;
    
    # 缓冲设置
    client_body_buffer_size 128k;
    client_max_body_size 10m;
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 4k;
    output_buffers 1 32k;
    postpone_output 1460;
    
    # 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_types
        text/plain
        text/css
        text/xml
        text/javascript
        application/javascript
        application/xml+rss
        application/json;
    
    # 日志优化
    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main buffer=32k flush=5s;
}

9.2 安全加固配置

# 安全加固配置
http {
    # 隐藏版本号
    server_tokens off;
    
    # 安全头部
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
    
    # 限制请求大小
    client_max_body_size 10M;
    
    # 限制请求长度
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 4k;
    
    # 防止恶意请求
    if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST|PUT|DELETE|OPTIONS)$ ) {
        return 405;
    }
    
    # 防止HTTP走私
    underscores_in_headers on;
    
    # 限制访问频率
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=general:10m rate=10r/s;
    
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name _;
        
        # 应用通用限制
        limit_req zone=general burst=20 nodelay;
        
        location / {
            root /usr/share/nginx/html;
            try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
        }
    }
}

9.3 部署最佳实践

#!/bin/bash
# nginx_deployment.sh - Nginx部署脚本

# 配置备份
BACKUP_DIR="/etc/nginx/backups"
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)
mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR

echo "Backing up current configuration..."
cp -r /etc/nginx/nginx.conf $BACKUP_DIR/nginx.conf_$DATE
cp -r /etc/nginx/conf.d $BACKUP_DIR/conf.d_$DATE

# 验证配置
echo "Testing configuration..."
if nginx -t; then
    echo "Configuration test passed"
    
    # 平滑重启
    echo "Restarting Nginx..."
    nginx -s reload
    
    # 验证服务状态
    sleep 2
    if pgrep nginx > /dev/null; then
        echo "Nginx restarted successfully"
        # 清理旧备份（保留最近5个）
        ls -t $BACKUP_DIR | tail -n +6 | xargs -I {} rm -rf $BACKUP_DIR/{}
    else
        echo "Nginx restart failed, restoring backup..."
        cp $BACKUP_DIR/nginx.conf_$DATE /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
        nginx -s reload
        exit 1
    fi
else
    echo "Configuration test failed, restoring backup..."
    cp $BACKUP_DIR/nginx.conf_$DATE /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
    exit 1
fi

echo "Deployment completed successfully"

9.4 应用场景配置示例

# API网关配置示例
upstream api_gateway {
    server api1.example.com:8080 weight=3;
    server api2.example.com:8080 weight=2;
    server api3.example.com:8080 weight=1;
    keepalive 32;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name api.example.com;
    
    # SSL配置
    ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/api.example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/api.example.com.key;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    
    # 限流配置
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api_rate:10m rate=100r/s;
    
    location / {
        limit_req zone=api_rate burst=200 nodelay;
        
        proxy_pass http://api_gateway;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        
        # API特定头部
        add_header X-API-Version "1.0";
        add_header X-RateLimit-Limit "100";
        add_header X-RateLimit-Remaining "99";
    }
}

# 静态文件服务器配置示例
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name static.example.com;
    
    root /var/www/static;
    
    # 静态资源优化
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|svg|css|js|woff|woff2|ttf|eot)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
        gzip_static on;
    }
    
    # 安全配置
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
        access_log off;
        log_not_found off;
    }
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
        gzip on;
        gzip_vary on;
        gzip_min_length 1024;
        gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
    }
}

总结

Nginx是一个功能强大、高性能的Web服务器和反向代理服务器。通过合理的配置，可以实现负载均衡、SSL终止、缓存、安全防护等功能。掌握Nginx的核心概念和配置技巧，能够帮助开发者构建高性能、高可用的Web应用架构。在实际部署中，需要注意安全配置、性能优化和监控维护，确保系统的稳定运行。

#Nginx 实战教程

#什么是Nginx？

#Nginx的主要特点：

#1. Nginx安装与配置

#1.1 Ubuntu/Debian系统安装

#1.2 CentOS/RHEL系统安装

#1.3 Docker方式安装

#1.4 Docker Compose方式安装

#2. Nginx基础配置

#2.1 主配置文件结构

#2.2 服务器块配置

#3. 反向代理配置

#3.1 基本反向代理

#3.2 负载均衡配置

#3.3 高级负载均衡策略

#4. SSL/TLS配置

#4.1 Let's Encrypt SSL证书配置

#4.2 SSL配置示例

#4.3 自定义SSL配置

#5. 缓存配置

#5.1 静态资源缓存

#5.2 代理缓存

#6. 安全配置

#6.1 基本安全配置

#6.2 访问控制

#7. 高级配置

#7.1 负载均衡高级配置

#7.2 WebSocket支持

#7.3 Gzip压缩优化

#8. 监控与日志

#8.1 日志配置

#8.2 监控端点

#8.3 性能监控

#9. 最佳实践

#9.1 性能优化配置

#9.2 安全加固配置

#9.3 部署最佳实践

#9.4 应用场景配置示例

#总结